Theory of Energy:

Featured

You are the One! ❤️

Lord GOD loves you more than any other being can including you.

Please remember that when you feel less of yourself or when you feel alone.

Or when you begin to dislike self.

And it matters most that Lord GOD loves you the most!

Homeless, poor, despised, sad, sick, victimized, cheated, ashamed, afraid, abandoned, lost, hated, spurned, or even on death row, Lord GOD loves you when all others may not.

Please have faith in Lord GOD.

You are the one that Lord GOD loves in this life and beyond it.

Amen!

Important Links:

“Love: Our True Destiny”;

Bible Verses About Protection.

Featured

World Peace ~ S.N. Goenka — Astitva Meditation

“There cannot be peace in the world when people have anger and hatred in their hearts. Only with love and compassion in the heart is world peace attainable.” ― S. N. Goenka
World Peace ~ S.N. Goenka — Astitva Meditation

“A film about a messed up world and how to fix it. Sprinkled with music, this documentary lyrically weaves a tapestry through 20 countries and is as magical as it is informative.” — One Peace at a Time;

“Instead of focusing on the negative effects of climate change, this documentary spotlights people suggesting solutions and their actions.” — Tomorrow.

“Welcome those big, sticky, complicated problems. In them are your most powerful opportunities.” — R. Marston.

What could be an indirect proof of Goldbach’s Conjecture?

We can attempt a proof of Goldbach’s Conjecture via a proof by contradiction.

Suppose there exists a positive even integer, $e > 4 * 10^{18}$ , that is not a sum of two odd primes.

We let e = p + nq (or equivalently, e ≡ p mod q) where odd primes, p and q, are less than e with odd integer, n > 1.

But there are k odd primes, $p_{i}$ , less than e. Therefore, we generate a system of k Diophantine equations:

$e = 3 + n_{1}q_{1}$ ;

$e = 5 + n_{2}q_{2}$ ;

$e = 7 + n_{3}q_{3}$ ;

…

$e = p_{k} + n_{k}q_{k}$

where odd integer, $n_{i} > 1$ for $i \in$ {1, 2, 3,…, k}.

Remark: We must show that least one of those equations is false (contradicting our assumption that e is not a sum of two odd primes) to prove Goldbach’s Conjecture is true.

Claim: We strongly believe Goldbach’s Conjecture is provable with some more analysis and with the help of some tools/methods from prime number theory.

A Crucial Idea: The distribution of all odd primes less than e helps us to prove Goldbach’s Conjecture.

Good Luck! 🙂

Dave.

Is the Euler–Mascheroni constant an algebraic number or a transcendental number?

**Is the Euler–Mascheroni constant ( $\gamma$ ) an algebraic number or a transcendental number?**

Valid Assumption (Convergence): $1. \gamma = \frac{\sqrt{z^{2} - 1}}{2}$ .

Remark: We tentatively assume $z$ is an algebraic number (rational number) where $1.52 < z < 1.53$ .

We can apply Newton’s Method to equation one and study its convergence with regards to $\gamma$ .

Warning: This may be a difficult problem…

Dave.

Relevant Reference Links:

Mascheroni_constant;

Newton’s_Method;

Is the Euler–Mascheroni constant an algebraic number?

A Borrowed Life (Existence)

This life is not ours.

Though we claim it as ours.

And we are the masters of our fate too.

Right??

Wrong!!

This life, we claim as ours, is a precious gift from Lord GOD.

And for a while, we act, we grow, we enjoy, …, we cry, we succeed.

And we eventually die (we return the gift).

It’s all providence, the Lord’s Domain.

Amen!

_Dave.

“Holy, Holy, Holy (Lord GOD, Almighty) lyrics and music”

‘That time of year thou mayst in me behold (Sonnet 73)’ by William Shakespeare.

“That time of year thou mayst in me behold
When yellow leaves, or none, or few, do hang
Upon those boughs which shake against the cold,
Bare ruined choirs, where late the sweet birds sang.
In me thou see’st the twilight of such day
As after sunset fadeth in the west;
Which by and by black night doth take away,
Death’s second self, that seals up all in rest.
In me thou see’st the glowing of such fire,
That on the ashes of his youth doth lie,
As the deathbed whereon it must expire,
Consumed with that which it was nourished by.
This thou perceiv’st, which makes thy love more strong,
To love that well which thou must leave ere long.”

William Shakespeare – 1564-1616.

”Time is very slow for those who wait.
Very fast for those who are scared.
Very long for those who lament.
Very short for those who celebrate.
But for those who love, time is eternal.”

William Shakespeare.

“David Hilbert: The Architect of Modern Mathematics”

“In July 1915, Albert Einstein paid a visit to the University of Göttingen (Germany) on the invitation of the mathematician David Hilbert (1862-1943). It was a fruitful encounter for both men that continued over the following months with an intense scientific correspondence. Einstein described that period as the most exhausting and stimulating of his entire life, the result of which was a series of studies and articles, authored by one or the other scientist, in which they formulated the equations of the gravitational field of the General Theory of Relativity (GTR)…”

Source Link:

David Hilbert: The Architect of Modern Mathematics.

Relevant Links:

Mathematical Problems;

Hilbert’s Problems: 23 and Math.

A Brief Analysis of the Collatz Conjecture

Algorithm for the Collatz Conjecture.

“… In short the Collatz problem is simple enough that anyone can understand it, and yet relates not just to number theory (as described in other answers) but to issues of decidability, chaos, and the foundations of mathematics and of computation. That’s about as good as it gets for a problem even a small child can understand.” — Matt.

Remark: If n = 1, the algorithm terminates all computations.

Crucial Idea: R⁺ is a dense set.

Remark: R⁺ is the set of all positive real numbers.

We claim

$n_{t} = (\frac{3}{2} )^{\frac{t}{2}} * (\frac{3}{4} )^{\frac{t}{4}} * (\frac{3}{8} ) ^{\frac{t}{8}} * ... *( \frac{3}{2^{k}} ) ^{\frac{t}{2^{k}}} * r = 1$

over the Collatz sequence of positive odd integers, from $n_{0} > 1$ to $n_{t} = 1$ where the index, t, is the number of trials it takes the Collatz sequence of odd integers to converge to one.

Remark: There are no infinite (nontrivial) cycles of any length ( $(\frac{3}{2} )^{\frac{t}{2}} * (\frac{3}{4} )^{\frac{t}{4}} * (\frac{3}{8} ) ^{\frac{t}{8}} * ... *( \frac{3}{2^{k}} ) ^{\frac{t}{2^{k}}} \rightarrow 0$ and $r \rightarrow \infty$ as $t \rightarrow \infty$ ) in the Collatz sequence since the index, t, is clearly finite in equation one.

In addition, our claim is fundamentally based on the distribution of maximum divisors, $2^{i_{max}}$ , for finite sets of consecutive positive even integers (e.g. {2, 4, 6, …, $e_{max}$ }) where 2 is the minimum positive even integer and where $e_{max}$ is the maximum positive even integer belonging to those sets…

The positive real number, r, is determined by the algorithm for the Collatz conjecture. And therefore, its computation is generally complicated because we cannot easily compute the maximum positive even integer, $e_{max}$ , in the Collatz sequence (orbit) for any odd positive integer, $n_{0} > 1$ .

Question: For any odd positive integer, $n_{0} > 1$ , can we approximate the maximum positive even integer, $e_{max}$ , in the Collatz sequence (orbit)?

The variable, k, is determined by the maximum positive even number, $e_{max}$ , in the Collatz sequence: $k = \left \lfloor{\frac{log(e_{max })}{log(2)}}\right \rfloor$ .

Can we refute our analysis?

We assume maximum divisors, $2^{i}$ , for any positive even integer.

Remark: The Collatz conjecture is true for all positive integers, $n_{0} \le 2^{68}$ .

For any positive odd integer, $n_{0} > 2^{68} -1$ , we have

$n_{1} = \frac{3n_{0} +1}{2^{i_{1}}} = \frac{3}{2^{i_{1}}} * r_{1}$ where $r_{1} = n_{0} +\frac{1}{3}$ .

$n_{2} = \frac{3(\frac{3n_{0} +1}{2^{i_{1}}}) + 1}{2^{i_{2}}} = \frac{3}{2^{i_{1}}} *\frac{3}{2^{i_{2}}} * r_{2}$

where $r_{2} = \frac{1}{9}(2^{i_{1}} + 9n_{0} +3)$ .

$n_{3} = \frac{3(\frac{3(\frac{3n_{0} +1}{2^{i_{1}}}) + 1}{2^{i_{2}}}) + 1}{2^{i_{3}}} = \frac{3}{2^{i_{1}}} *\frac{3}{2^{i_{2}}} *\frac{3}{2^{i_{3}}} *r_{3}$

where $r_{3} = \frac{2^{i_{1}}}{27}*(2^{i_{2}} + 3) + n_{0} +\frac{1}{3}$ .

…

$n_{t} = r_{t} * 3^{t}\prod_{j=1}^{t } (\frac{1}{2^{i_{j}}})$ where $r_{t} > 1$ since $3^{t}\prod_{j=1}^{t } (\frac{1}{2^{i_{j}}}) < 1$ and since $n_{t} \ge 1$ .

Question: Is $3^{t}\prod_{j=1}^{t } (\frac{1}{2^{i_{j}}}) > 1$ possible? No!

Why? Hint: $n_{0} > 1$ .

Therefore, $r_{t} \ge 3^{-t}\frac{1}{\prod_{j=1}^{t } (\frac{1}{2^{i_{j}}})}$

Thus, $r_{t} = 3^{-t}\frac{1}{\prod_{j=1}^{t } (\frac{1}{2^{i_{j}}})}$ or $r_{t} > 3^{-t}\frac{1}{\prod_{j=1}^{t } (\frac{1}{2^{i_{j}}})}$

Moreover, $n_{t} = r_{t} * 3^{t}\prod_{j=1}^{t } (\frac{1}{2^{i_{j}}}) = r * (\frac{3}{2} )^{\frac{t}{2}} * (\frac{3}{4} )^{\frac{t}{4}} * (\frac{3}{8} ) ^{\frac{t}{8}} * ... *( \frac{3}{2^{k}} ) ^{\frac{t}{2^{k}}} \ge 1$ where $r_{t} > r$ .

We conclude $r_{t} = 3^{-t}\frac{1}{\prod_{j=1}^{t } (\frac{1}{2^{i_{j}}})}$ since $r_{t}$ is a positive rational number and since there are no infinite (nontrivial) cycles in any Collatz sequence. Hence $n_{t} = 1$ .

Important Remark: The Collatz Conjecture is true! 🙂

Example: If we let $n_{0} = 57$ , then we compute $e_{max} = 196$ , $k = 7$ , and $t = 10$ .

Therefore, $r = r(57, 10) = 1/.0841 394 = 11.8850384$ .

Dave’s Conjecture: $r = r(n_{0 }, t) =$ O(t) or $r = c_{t} * t$ for some real number, $c_{t}$ , such that either $c_{t} > 1$ or $0 < c_{t} < 1$ .

Example: If we have $t = 1$ for some $n_{0 }$ , then as $k \rightarrow \infty$ ,

$r = \frac{1}{ \prod_{i=1}^{k }(\frac{3}{2^{i}})^{\frac{t}{2^{i}}}} \rightarrow \frac{4}{3 } = c_{1 }$ .

Therefore, $r = r(n_{0 }, 1) \approx \frac{4}{3}$ for infinitely many positive odd integers, $n_{0} > 1$ .

Remark: For our example, we compute $n_{0 } \in$ {5, 21, 85, 341, …, $\frac{2^{2j} - 1}{3}$ , …} for all positive integers, $j > 1$ .

Questions: What are the values (convergent) for $c_{2}, c_{3}, c_{4}, ...$ ?

Example: We compute $r = r(n_{0 }, 2) \approx 1 \frac{7}{9}$ for infinitely many positive odd integers, $n_{0} > 1$ .

And therefore, $c_{2} = \frac{8}{9}$ where

$n_{0 } \in$ {7281, 29125, 116501, 466005,…, $4 *l_{j}+1$ , …} for all positive integers, $j \ge 4$ .

Remark: For our example, we assume $l_{1} = 7,281, l_{2} = 29,125, l_{3} = 116,501, l_{4} = 466,005$ .

Old Example: If we let $n_{0} = 57$ , then we compute $e_{max} = 196$ , $k = 7$ , and $t = 10$ .

Therefore, $r = r(57, 10) = 1/.0841 394 = 11.8850384$ . However,

$r = r(n_{0}, 10) \approx \frac{1}{ \prod_{i=1}^{\infty }(\frac{3}{2^{i}})^{\frac{10}{2^{i}}}} = \frac{1}{.0563135} \approx 17.75773127$

for infinitely many positive odd integers, $n_{0} > 1$ .

And therefore, $c_{10} \approx 1.775773127$ where

$n_{0 } \in$ {57, 229, 917, 3669,…, $4 *l_{j}+1$ , …} for all positive integers, $j \ge 4$ .

Remark: For our old example, we assume $l_{1} = 57, l_{2} = 229, l_{3} = 917, l_{4} = 3669$ .

For $n_{0} = 57$ , we compute the following Collatz sequence where $t = 10$ :

172

#1: 43

130

#2: 65

196

#3: 49

148

#4: 37

112

#5: 7

#6: 11

#7: 17

#8: 13

#9: 5

#10: 1

For $n_{0} = 917$ , we compute the following Collatz sequence where $t = 10$ :

2752

1376

688

344

172

#1: 43

130

#2: 65

196

#3: 49

148

#4: 37

112

#5: 7

#6: 11

#7: 17

#8: 13

#9: 5

#10: 1

Remark: The common Collatz sequence of positive odd integers for our old example is

{43, 65, 49, 37, 7, 11, 17, 13, 5, 1}.

Final Remark (Hmm): The $3n_{0} + 1$ Problem (Collatz Conjecture) has $n_{0}$ ≡ $1$ (mod $4$ ) solutions for a given index, t. The solutions are not unique for a given index, t. We assume $n_{0} \gets 4n_{0} + 1$ .

Two Reference Links:

1. Wolfram Cloud (Mathematica Online);

2. Published Source Code Link.

The function, nvalue[t], computes a random positive odd integer, $21 \le n_{0} < 100,000$ (initially), for a small index, $1 \le t \le 10$ (number of trials for a Collatz sequence of odd integers to converge to one from the computed $n_{0}$ ).

Source Code:

nvalue[t_] := (
tt = t;
icnt = 0;
n = 2 * RandomInteger[{10, 50000}] + 1;
While[icnt != tt,
While[n != 1,
If[icnt == 0, nstart = n];
n = 3n + 1;
While[EvenQ[n], n = n/2];
icnt = icnt + 1;
If[icnt > tt, n = nstart + 2 *RandomInteger[{1,10}]]
If[icnt > tt, icnt = 0]]];
Return[{tt, nstart}])

__________________________________________________________

Some Examples:

nvalue[2] computes for t = 2 a random value, $n_{0} = 54, 613$ ;

nvalue[10] computes for t = 10 a random value, $n_{0} = 67, 077$ ;

nvalue[5] computes for t = 5 a random value, $n_{0} = 7,885$ .

nvalue[6] computes for t = 6 a random value, $n_{0} = 82,485$ .

nvalue[4] computes for t = 9 a random value, $n_{0} = 69,965$ .

nvalue[1] computes for t = 1 a random value, $n_{0} = 87, 381$ .

nvalue[41] computes for t = 41 a random value, $n_{0} = 29, 137$ .

nvalue[75] computes for t = 75 a random value, $n_{0} = 57, 855$ .

**Graph of Collatz Sequence for $n_{0} = 57, 855$ .**

nvalue[75] computes for t = 75 a random value, $n_{0} = 15, 051$ .

nvalue[150] computes for t = 150 a random value, $n_{0} = 2, 139, 623$ .

nvalue[150] computes for t = 150 a random value, $n_{0} = 2, 143, 079$ .

nvalue[200] computes for t = 200 a random value, $n_{0} = 6, 899, 327$ .

nvalue[211] computes for t = 211 a random value, $n_{0} = 21, 069, 775$ .

nvalue[250] computes for t = 250 a random value, $n_{0} = 46, 912, 975$ .

nvalue[300] computes for t = 300 a random value, $n_{0} = 330, 552, 319$ .

nvalue[351] computes for t = 351 a random value, $n_{0} = 1, 505, 110, 398, 721, 395$ .

nvalue[351] computes for t = 351 a random value, $n_{0} = 1, 514, 992, 426, 990, 283$ .

nvalue[408] computes for t = 408 a random value, $n_{0} = 319, 762, 236, 301, 419, 029$ .

…

Go Blue! 🙂

Relevant Reference Links:

Wolfram Alpha Computation (r₃);

Collatz Conjecture Calculator;

Our_Response_to_4.2_A_probabilistic_heuristic;

Proof of Collatz Conjecture;

What is the importance of the Collatz conjecture?

The Collatz Equation that supports the Collatz Conjecture;

An Analysis of the Collatz Conjecture.

_{“Counting and ordering stuff (objects, sets, numbers, spaces, etc.) are fundamental.”}

P.S. FIGHT RACISM IN THE SCIENCES INCLUDING MATHEMATICS! THANK YOU!

Oops! The Proceedings of the London Mathematical Society rejected the paper, “A Brief Analysis of the Collatz Conjecture“, for publication! Why?

We are confident our work is valid, and we suspect our work was rejected because of political reasons… It happens…

Reference Link: Two Important Properties of Convergent Collatz Sequences.

Dave.

Share this:

Like this:

Share this:

Like this:

Share this:

Like this:

Share this:

Like this:

Share this:

Like this:

Share this:

Like this:

Share this:

Like this:

Share this:

Like this: